ボーイスカウト活動の柱の一つにパトロールシステム(Patrol System)があります。そのパトロールシステムに命を吹き込む要素が、ローランド・フィリップス(Roland Erasmus Philipps 1890.2.27-1916.7.7)が著した「パトロール・システム(班制教育)および班長への手紙」(The Patrol System and Letters to a Patrol Leader, 1917)の随所に記されています。その中で最も重要と思われるくだりの一つを次に記します。
It is essential that Leaders and Seconds should not only read the theory of Scouting, but that they should also practice it. They may be formed into a special study Patrol, of which the Scoutmaster is himself Patrol Leader (under a scouting name such as Grey Wolf - the term "Scoutmaster" being barred). Such a Patrol may specialize in first class work, in camp organization, in woodcraft, and in other outdoor practices, in order that the Leaders may be afterwards better qualified to look after their own Patrols. It is important also that the Patrol Leader's position should be looked upon by himself and by his Scoutmaster as his school of training for ultimate Scoutmastership.
班長と次長は、スカウティングの本を読むだけではなく、実地訓練も必須です。彼らを隊長自身が班長となる特修班(special study Patrol)に組み入れてください(その班においては、隊長という呼称ではなく、灰色の狼(Grey Wolf)と呼ばれます)。この班では、1級の課業、キャンプ編制、ウッドクラフト、その他の野外活動、そして班長たちが自分の班を運営するためのより良い技能を持てるように特訓します。それは、班長のあり方を、彼自身によって、また隊長によって省みるものであり、そして将来の隊長の資質を訓練する学校としても重要なものなのです。(舟橋訳)
班には班長と次長がいます。その班長と次長は、隊長が班長である特修班(special study Patrol)の班員であるとしています。その特修班の中で隊長が演じる班長の行動を通してそのノウハウを各班長次長が学び取り、それを各班で再現する …この形態とプロセスが構築されてこそパトロールシステム(Patrol System)の成立と言えます。
ここにも隊長自身が身をもって示す(Scoutmaster’s own personal example)ことが求められるわけです。このシステムを通して、隊長の考えや技能、そして人格そのものが、隊長から班長へ、班長から班員へと受け継がれていくことになるのです。
特修班における 隊長= Grey Wolf のふるまいがパトロールシステムの出発点であり、パトロールシステムに命を吹き込む営みであるといえるのです。
フィリップスの論述では、隊長は、特修班の班長であり、また、名誉会議(Court of Honor)の座長(chair)と規定しています。
It is the principal of every Scoutmaster in the movement to see that his Patrol Leaders are able to lead their Patrols.
この運動におけるすべての隊長の根幹・主とする仕事は、配下の班長たちがその担当する班を適切に指揮できているかどうかを注視・把握することです。(26)
The Leaders and Seconds must have special opportunities of asking the Scoutmaster any questions. They should have special opportunities of access to their Scoutmaster, either at his home, or at a special parade of Leaders and Seconds held once a week at the troop headquarters. (This could be run in connection with the Court of Honor.)
班長と次長には、隊長に何でも質問できる特別な機会が設けられなければなりません。彼らは、隊長の自宅で、または隊の本部で週に一回開催される班長と次長の特別な会合で、隊長に面接する特別な機会を持つようにします。(これは、名誉会議と関連して行うことができます。)(27)
Where the Scoutmaster can give the time, it is an admirable thing to have an evening on which the Leaders and Seconds should receive special instruction. Such an evening might be once a week, once a month, or even once a quarter. Two or more Troops can often combine for this purpose. On one occasion somebody may give a lecture on Map Drawing and Surveying, on another a first-rate Ambulance man may be the speaker, and on another a Royal Engineer may give instruction in Bridge Building. There is no limit to the number of useful and instructive talks which may be given to Leaders in this way, and afterwards be passed on by them to their Patrols.
隊長に時間の余裕があれば、班長と次長のために特別指導が受けられる夕べを設けることは素晴らしいことです。その夕べは、週に一回、月に一回、または三か月に一回のように設けます。時には、これを二から数隊の合同で行うこともできます。ある日は地図の描画と測量に関する講義、別の日は一線の救急隊員の講話、また別の日は王立工兵部隊兵士による架橋技法の講習などなど。この方法で班長たちに授けられる有益な講習の数に制限はありません。ここで班長たちが学んだことは、その後、彼らによって彼らの班に伝えられることになります。(31)
In well-organized Troops of some years' standing it is often found a good thing to run a special week-end camp for Leaders and Seconds. Much useful instruction can be given in this way.
年数を経てよく組織された隊で、班長と次長のための特別な週末キャンプを行って良い成果を上げているところがいくつもあります。このように、彼らに有用な手立てはいくらでもあります。(32)
This Court consists of all the Leaders and Seconds, with the Scoutmaster in the chair.
名誉会議は、班長、次長の全員で構成され、そして隊長が座長になります。(33)
The Court of Honor then deals with questions in connection with the arrangements for the coming week, Patrol Competitions, Summer Camp, Football and Cricket, Badge Examinations, Technical Instruction, Inter-patrol Visiting, Troop Subscriptions, and many other things. If the Scoutmaster has got any announcements to make this is the occasion on which he makes them. and the Leaders afterwards pass the information on to their Patrols in due course. Any member of the Court of Honor is entitled to ask the Scoutmaster any question, unless such question is a breach of Scout Law. Free discussion in the Court of Honor should be warmly encouraged. There is no time in which the Scoutmaster has a better opportunity of getting into touch with the real feelings and aspirations of his boys.
名誉会議は、次週の手配、班行事、夏季野営、サッカーやクリケット、技能章審査、技術指導、班相互訪問、入隊申込、その他多くのことを扱います。隊長にこれらに関する伝達・指示・助言事項等があれば、隊長はそれらを伝える機会になります。班長はこの後、それらの情報を班に伝えることになります。おきて違反でない限り、名誉会議のいかなるメンバーも、隊長に質問する権利があります。名誉会議での自由な議論を心から奨励する必要があります。隊長が彼のもとの少年たちの本当の感情や願望に触れられる機会はほかにありません。(34)
The greatest advantage of the Court of Honor is that, more than anything else, it encourages the Patrol System and fosters the Patrol Spirit.
名誉会議の最大の利点は、何よりもパトロールシステムを奨励し、パトロールスピリットを育成するところにあります。(35)
The Scoutmaster should never give orders to his Scouts except through his Patrol Leaders.
隊長は、班長を介さないで彼の班のスカウトに直接指図してはいけません。(41)
How To Start A Troop On The Patrol System
「パトロールシステムにおける発隊の仕方」の章より
Anyone who has had experience of Scouting will have at least two words of definite advice to give to a friend who is just going to start. They are these: "Begin small." It is hardly possible to begin with too few boys, and it is very usual to begin with too many. In the earlier chapters it has been pointed out that to work the Patrol System at all successfully it is necessary to give to Patrol Leaders and Seconds greater ideas and greater knowledge than the boys whom they are expected to command. The idea of the Patrol System should be adopted from the very beginning.
スカウティングの経験がある人なら誰でも、これからそれを始めようとしている友人に授ける確信のアドバイスがあります。それは、「少人数で始めなさい。」です。(しかし現実は)このような過少の少年で始めることはほぼ不可能であり、多過ぎる少年で始めるのが通常になっております。前の章で指摘したとおり、パトロールシステムをうまく機能させるには、班長と次長に、彼らが指揮をとる予定の少年たちよりも多くのアイデアや知識を授ける必要があります。パトロールシステムのアイデアは、隊発足の最初から採用する必要があります。(66)
In a large number of cases a prospective Scoutmaster will find that the reasons against starting with only a handful of boys are almost overwhelming. In such cases one must give the same recommendation as before, "Begin small," and one would urge from the very earliest moment that the Scoutmaster should makeup his mind to give special facilities to his Patrol Leaders and Seconds. In any case, until the boys have passed their Tenderfoot tests his Leaders and Seconds will not be appointed. Sometimes the appointment may be deferred until the boys become Second-class Scouts.
多くの場合、隊長候補者は、一握りの少年で始める理由に反対する意見が圧倒的であることに気づかされるでしょう。そのような場合は、先に示したとおり、「少人数で始めなさい」と勧告することになります。そして、非常に早い時期より、隊長が自分のもとの班長と次長に特別な指導を与えることに方針を定めるよう促すでしょう。いかなる場合でも、少年たちが初級考査に合格するまで、班長と次長に任命してはいけません。時には二級スカウトになるまで任命が延期されることもあります。(68)
Before appointing a Leader the Scoutmaster should always tell him exactly what will be expected of him, not only in the Troop, but also by the Chief Scout and by the Scout Brotherhood. Unless he is keen to undertake the job, it is a great mistake to appoint a boy at all.
班長任命の際、いつでも隊長は、隊だけでなく、チーフスカウトも世界中のスカウト兄弟もあなたに期待しています、ということをきちんと伝えなければいけません。その少年が班長の仕事を引き受けますという意思を示さない限り、その子に班長を任命することは大きな誤りです。(68)
The essence of this suggested method of starting a Troop is that the Leaders and Seconds should be given chances of remaining always a good deal in front of the other boys both in Scout knowledge and in Scout experience.
ここに示唆した隊発足についての方法の要点は、班長と次長は、スカウトの知識とスカウトの経験の両方において、他の少年たちよりも前に、それを修得する十分なチャンスが常に与えられていなければならないということです。(68)
⚜ ⚜ ⚜
B-Pは、パトロールシステムに関連して、次の著述を残しています。
In all cases I would strongly commend the “Patrol” system : that is, small permanent groups, each under responsible charge of a leading boy, as the great step to success.
I recommend the Instructor to begin with a Patrol of eight boys if possible, and when these have qualified as "First-class Scouts" to select the best five or six to raise each a patrol of his own and instruct it under his (the Instructor's) supervision.
from “FOREWORD FOR INSTRUCTOR” / SCOUTING FOR BOYS The Original 1908 Edition
すべての場合において、私は"パトロール"システム("Patrol" system)を強く推奨します。これは、少人数の恒常的な(=一時的ではない)仲間集団の一群(small permanent groups)であり、それぞれがリーダーである一人の少年の責任の下にある(each under responsible charge of a leading boy)というものです。これが成功への大きなステップになります。
指導者(Instructor=Scoutmaster就任予定者)は、可能であれば8人の少年からなるパトロール(班)から始め、彼らが「1級スカウト」の資格を取得したら、最も優れた5、6人を選び、それぞれ自分のパトロール(班)を編成し、そして自分の(その指導者(Instructor)自身による)監督のもとでそれらを指導することを推奨します。
The sure way to make a failure of your effort is to begin with too many boys at first. I recommend about eight to begin with, as a nucleus of your Troop.
The next step is to select the best of your boys to be Leaders of the different Patrols, and then to give then a special training in their Scout work and duties. The dividing of the boys into permanent Patrols of from six to eight and treating them as separate units each under its own responsible Leader is the key to success with a Troop.
The Patrol is the unit of Scouting whether for work or for play, for discipline or for duty.
from “The Patrol System” / RUNNING A TROOP / PRINCIPLES AND METHODS / SCOUTING FOR BOYS
This teaching is largely reflected by means of example, by putting responsibility upon him and by expecting a high standard of trustworthiness from him.
Responsibility is largely given through the Patrol System by holding the Leader responsible for what goes on amongst his boys.
from “Discipline” / RUNNING A TROOP / PRINCIPLES AND METHODS / SCOUTING FOR BOYS
Some few Scoutmasters are still behind the time, and consequently their Troops are behind the average, in not making sufficient use of their Patrol Leaders.
They ought to give the sub-officers as much liberty of action as they like to get themselves from their District Associations or Commissioners.
They must hold the Patrol Leader responsible for everything good or bad that occurs in his Patrol.
They must put responsibility upon him, let him do his job, and if he makes mistakes let him do so, and show him afterwards where he went wrong ― in this way only can he learn. Half the value of our training is to be got by putting responsibility on young shoulders. It is especially valuable for taming the wilder spirits; it gives them a something which they like to take up instead of their equally heroic but less desirable hooligan pursuits.
from “Patrol Leaders” / April, 1910 / The Scouter / B.-P.'S OUTLOOK
I strongly advise small camps of about half a dozen Patrols; each Patrol in a separate tent and on separate ground (as suggested in Scouting for Boys), so that the Scouts do not feel themselves to be part of a big herd, but members of independent responsible units.
Patrols should be kept intact under all circumstances.
from “Camps” / June, 1910 / The Scouter / B.-P.'S OUTLOOK
The best progress is made in those Troops where power and responsibility are really put into the hands of the Patrol Leaders. It is the secret of success with many Scoutmasters, when once they have half-a-dozen Patrol Leaders, really doing their work as if they were Assistant Scoutmasters. The Scoutmasters find themselves able to go on and increase the size of their Troops by starting new Patrols or adding recruits to existing ones.
Expect a great deal of your Patrol Leaders and nine times out of ten they will play up to your expectation; but if you are going always to nurse them and not to trust them to do things well, you will never get them to do anything on their own initiative.
from “Patrol Leaders” / June, 1910 / The Scouter / B.-P.'S OUTLOOK
Many Scoutmasters and others did not, at first, recognise the extraordinary value which they could get out of the Patrol system if they liked to use it, but I think that most of them seem to be realising this more and more. The Patrol system, after all, is merely putting your boys into permanent gangs under the leadership of one of their own number, which is their natural organisation whether bent on mischief or for amusement. But to get first-class results from this system you have to give the leader a real freehanded responsibility ― if you only give partial responsibility you will only get partial results. By thus using your Leaders as officers you save yourself an infinite amount of the troublesome detail work. At the same time, the main object is not so much saving the Scoutmaster trouble as to give responsibility to the boy, since this is the very best of all means for developing character. It is generally the boy with the most character who rises to be the leader of a mischief gang. If you apply this natural scheme to your own needs it brings the best results.
It is the business of the Scoutmaster to give the aim, and the several Patrols in a Troop vie with each other in attaining it, and thus the standard of keenness and work is raised all round.
from “Patrols” / May, 1914 / The Scouter / B.-P.'S OUTLOOK
The Patrol System has also a great character-training value if it is used aright. It leads each boy to see that he has some individual responsibility for the good of his Patrol. It leads each Patrol to see that it has definite responsibility for the good of the Troop. Through it the Scoutmaster is able to pass on not only his instruction but his ideas as to the moral outlook of his Scouts. Through it the Scouts themselves gradually learn that they have considerable say in what their Troop does. It is the Patrol System that makes the Troop, and all Scouting for that matter, a real co-operative effort.
An invaluable step in character training is to put responsibility on to the individual. This is immediately gained in appointing a Patrol Leader to responsible command of his Patrol. It is up to him to take hold of and to develop the qualities of each boy in his Patrol.
The object of the Patrol System is mainly to give real responsibility to as many of the boys as possible with a view to developing their character. If the Scoutmaster gives his Patrol Leader real power, expects a great deal from him, and leaves him a free hand in carrying out his work, he will have done more for that boy’s character expansion than any amount of school-training could ever do.
Giving responsibility is the key to success with boys, especially with the rowdiest and most difficult boys.
参考までに
The Patrol System and Letters to a Patrol Leader (カナダ ScoutsCan.comウェブサイト)
<http://www.thedump.scoutscan.com/Patrol%20System.pdf>
AIDS TO SCOUTMASTERSHIP (隊長の手引) (カナダ ScoutsCan.com ウェブサイト)
<http://www.thedump.scoutscan.com/a2sm.pdf>
「隊長の手引」 ボーイスカウト日本連盟訳 (やんちゃ隊の資料庫 ウェブサイト)
<http://scout.o.oo7.jp/AIDSTOSCOUTMASTERS.pdf>
「班長のてびき」 ウィリアム ヒルコート著 BS日連訳 (ボーイスカウト岡山連盟ウェブサイト)
<http://www.scout-ok.jp/archiv/doc/patrol-leader.pdf>
アメリカボーイスカウトの班制度・班長訓練 ( BSA ウェブサイト)
<http://www.scouting.org/scoutsource/BoyScouts/PatrolLeader.aspx>
BOY SCOUTS HANDBOOK The First Edition,1911,BSA(The Project Gutenberg EBook)
<http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29558/29558-h/29558-h.htm>
Scoutmaster and Assistant Scoutmaster Leader Specific Training (BSAウェブサイト)
<http://www.scouting.org/filestore/training/pdf/34879.pdf>
SCOUTMASTER HANDBOOK, Boy Scouts of America
<https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxgyGhfwmpSpOG1YeXFveHlFWWs/view?pli=1>
「パトロール システム」に記されたフィリップスのスピリット SFE
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